global urbanism essay

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Global Urbanism

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Udo Greinacher is Assistant Professor in the Department of Architecture at the University ofCincinnati. He teaches urban design and urban history, and has served as co-director of the Potsdam (Germany) Summer Academy for student and faculty exchange since 1995. His Master's degree in Architecture is from the University of California-Berkeley. For over a century, most of the American populace turned its back to the city in its search for a simpler, more harmonious style of life. "The desire to fashion a retreat from the unruly world of power and gain"1 drove many from the city proper to its outskirts, where they sought tranquillity in a natural setting. As planners, architects, and developers expanded the metropolitan envelope further and further into rural areas, they created the almost seamless sprawl that characterizes the contemporary American landscape. From the City Beautiful elements in streetcar suburbs to towns in bucolic settings by John Nolen, from Garden Cit...

DEFINING ENCLAVE URBANISM As a special urban form, enclave represents a distinct and internally homogeneous territorial unit dominated by specific social, cultural, or economic features with varying degrees of closedness. In a broad sense, enclaves refer to various enclosed territorial units of different functions including residential, industrial, commercial, and recreational. Gated communities, ethnic communities, informal settlements, high-technology parks, export processing zones, shopping malls, tourist resorts, university towns, and so forth can all be deemed enclaves (Wissink et al. 2012). These enclaves usually have clear boundaries, either visible or not, to distinguish themselves from "others." On the one hand, physical barriers, such as walls, gates, fences, or other natural geographical entities like rivers, lakes, or hills, are used to restrict access to the besieged areas and create enclaves. On the other, nonphysical boundaries such as institutional, legal, social, and cultural factors could also demarcate enclosures with monofunctional, monocultural, exclusive features that are occupied by a homogeneous group or activity. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the world has seen a rapid proliferation of urban enclaves in various forms, resulting in a remarkable transformation of urban structure. This is most evident in the global growth of gated communities and the resultant urban fragmentation. With the rapid proliferation of enclaves, scholars started to use the term "enclave urbanism" to Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. Edited by Anthony Orum.

Routledge Handbook of World-Systems Analysis, Edited by Salvatore Babones, Christopher Chase-Dunn, 2012

Theory and Research in Architecture, Planning and Design II - book, 2020

Segregation is the separation of social groups into particular roles and/ or spaces (Norton&Mercier, 2019; Ritzer, 2007). Also, urban segregation is a concept used to indicate the fragmentation between different social groups in an urban environment. Design is an important indicator of social life, since there is a strong relationship between spatial arrangements and lifestyles of people. With the support of right design decisions, it is pos- sible to achieve a social integration which contributes to the sustainable community. The city is a place of highest concentration of power and culture of a community which composes a social entity. Density and heterogeneity are the main features of the social and cultural spaces (Simmel, 1950). And neighburhoods as the smallest representative unit of the city integ- rates people through the development of social practices in everyday life (Roitman, 2005). The selection of living territories results in a fragmenta- tion in the city which constitutes a clustering as places of different groups. These groups, which based on the homogeneity of the neighbourhoods start to define themselves in terms of “us” and “them” (Rapaport, 1977). Moreover these places differ in lifestyles, symbol systems and environ- mental quality although they stay near each other. Although the tendency of similar people to live together is rejected in the theory, settling in this way have been a reality of our cities (Rapaport, 1977). The most obvious and clear example of this segregation can be ob- served on neighborhood scale. Neighborhoods are one particular type of homogeneous area. People choose their neighborhoods related to shared images and a desire to preserve a lifestyle, religion or culture. Reasons of clustering in neighborhoods can be differentiated in time. For examp- le, even in the medieval cities of the West and in the traditional Ottoman city, the neighborhoods display a heterogeneous socio-economic structure, although they include religious and ethnic groups. With the emergence of capitalist society, the capital accumulation is concentrated in the cities; instead of being attached to religious and ethnic identity, it started to dif- ferentiate depending on income and class identity (Kurtuluş, 2003). In to- day’s world, the essence of people’s economic, social and cultural relations determine their consumption and activity patterns. The individual is at the forefront of what he or she consumes as mentioned by Erich Fromm (1976) with the sentence “I am what I have and what I consume”. Moreover, the reflection of this lifestyle can directly be observed on the spatial articulati- on. For this reason, economic restructuring triggers changes in the global city’s structure (Maloutas, 2004). As a consequence, while the city is being spatially fragmented; at the same time, society is fragmented by socio-e- conomic and cultural divisions. Process of fragmentation in physical and social structure are mutually interdependent (Bilsel, 2006). As a result, the city becomes segregated, consisting of countless walled-islands with divi- ded social groups. In this study, it is aimed to answer the questions of why socio-spatial segregation come into life in order to mediate a change for the future and reveal the consequences of this fragmentation within the city. Additionally, the spatial segregation process of Ankara and the formation of walled is- lands by the upper income group has been discussed and the fictions of these habitats have been examined through the Merkez Ankara Project.

Occupancy Urbanism: Thinking beyond 'resistance' and Political Closure' is a way to understand the dynamic of cities, territorial and spatial conflicts as these shape economy and social relations. Land tenure is of central importance, as well as its institutional embedding. The conceptual premise draw on scholarship from legal pluralism that embeds law in society, contested ideas of property, and locates the urban within an idea of a heterogeneous state. This forms a critique of the excessive reliance on terms such as 'Slums', Master Planning, Informal Sector, Mafia, and Speculation. The entry includes an account of changing context since the concept was first introduced and a critique of its interpretation in recent scholarship Abstract: 'Occupancy Urbanism: Thinking beyond 'resistance' and Political Closure' is a way to understand the dynamic of cities, territorial and spatial conflicts as these shape economy and social relations. Land tenure is of central importance, as well as its institutional embedding. The conceptual premise draw on scholarship from legal pluralism that embeds law in society, contested ideas of property, and locates the urban within an idea of a heterogeneous state. This forms a critique of the excessive reliance on terms such as 'Slums', Master Planning, Informal Sector, Mafia, and Speculation. The entry includes an account of changing context since the concept was first introduced and a critique of its interpretation in recent scholarship

Urban enclaves, who could be argued as a re-emerging process of intricate socio-spatial dynamics in emerging countries are becoming physically evident. Across spaces and regions, the middle and upper class are retreating to private and enclosed spaces. Urban areas are increasingly becoming divided and separated; illustrated in new spatial patterns and forms. It is against this background that the paper through a desk study builds on the classic work of Teresa Caldeira on fortified enclaves in Sao Paolo by positioning her work in scholarly literature and also highlighting its characteristics and consequences to planning and policy in developing cities in contemporary times. The Study identified the phenomenon of enclaves and gating as pervasive in physical and social forms with a quaking effect of removing urban diversity and public life. The Study therefore proposes the need for socio-spatial conceptualization that aims at upholding diversity as a symbol of healthy urban society.

Vierteljahresschrift für Wissenschaftliche Pädagogik 100, 2024

Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology SPRINGER, 2018

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences

VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, 2019

Notizie & Scavi della Sardegna Nuragica, 2020

REVISTA FOCO

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2023

Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1975

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020

Management and Marketing, 2011

Mathematical Programming, 1985

Jurnal Moluska Indonesia, 2020

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2006

Oncotarget, 2018

Bulletin of Eatcs, 2013

Global Urbanization, Essay Example

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Levels of urbanization vary vastly from country to country. The countries with the highest urban populations tend to be the most developed and the ones with the highest rural populations, the least developed. At the top of the list for greatest urban populations are places like Singapore, Monaco, Hong Kong as well as Western Europe and North America. At the bottom are Burundi, Ethiopia, Niger, Rwanda and several island countries.

The main reason for the disparity is simply because development in itself is one of the key causes of urbanization. The world first saw mass urbanization with the industrialization of Europe. As agriculture becomes mechanized and less profitable people are forced to move to the cities to seek economic opportunity.

While the developed countries I have stated before have the highest urban populations they do not have the highest rate of urbanization. Developing nations in Africa and especially Asia are urbanizing at an astonishing rate to accommodate growth in the industrial sectors. A prime example is that of China. Until its industrialization China was a massive country of peasant farmers. Today, it is the world’s fastest growing economy and its major cities continue to grow at exponential rates. People have begun to move to the cities not only for work but also to be part of the growing middle class. Urban areas are the domain of this middle class and considered the center of culture, politics and government. As China develops, a greater percentage of the population desires the amenities of cities rather than a harsh, rural life.

In conclusion, although developed countries have larger urban populations than others, urbanization is indisputably a global trend. In 1900 the global urban population was 13%; in 2005 it was nearly 50%. No doubt this trend will continue in the future with the last remaining rural nations becoming urbanized as they develop.

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(PDF) Global Urbanization: Perspectives and Trends
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Global Urbanization: Perspectives and Trends - ResearchGate
Apr 30, 2018 · Global population aging, including urban aging, is a process known as the “demographic transition,” in which ﬁrst mortality, t hen fertility decline.
Global Urbanisms and the Nature of Urban Theory Jennifer ...
Scott and Storper. The burden of the papers, though, is to demonstrate positively the vitality and diversity of emerging ways of thinking the urban. Global Urbanisms As urban scholars grapple with the shifting contours of global urbanization, new imaginations of the urban are being charted, in conversation with varied theoretical
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
Dec 20, 2015 · The essay is inspired by the potential of the comparative imagination but, mindful of the limitations of formal comparative methods, which in a quasi-scientific format can drastically restrict the scope of comparing, it outlines ways to reformat comparative methods in order to put them to work more effectively for a more global urban studies ...
Urban Revolutions in the Age of Global Urbanism - eScholarship
This special issue, based on papers presented at an Urban Studies-funded conference in Jakarta (March 2011), examines the current ‘urban century’ in terms of three revolutions. Revolutions from above index the logics and norms of mainstream global urbanism, particularly the form they have taken as policymakers work with municipal officials
Global Urbanism. Knowledge, Power and the City - ResearchGate
Mar 29, 2021 · Global Urbanism is an experimental examination of how urban scholars and activists make sense of, and act upon, the foundational relationship between the 'global' and the 'urban'.
Introduction: Generating concepts of the urban through ...
the needs of global urban studies (Brenner, 2001; Robinson, 2011). The papers drawn together here therefore each advance elements of a reformatted comparative methods, proposing tactics able to address the challenges for global urban studies of twenty-first century urban processes and spatial formations. The papers demonstrate how a
(PDF) Global Urbanism | Laura Fritsch - Academia.edu
Through comparing and contrasting “Prevalence of Slums” by Mike Davis, “Fortified Enclaves: The New Urban Segregation” by Teresa P. R. Caldeira, “Cities in the Global Economy” and “The Global City and the Global Slum” by Saskia Sassen, this essay will attempt to unravel the economically interdependent nature of the relationship ...
Global Urbanisms and the Nature of Urban Theory
Dec 1, 2015 · Urban studies is undergoing a phase of rich experimentation, with a proliferation of paradigms and exploration or invention of various methodologies inspired by the diversity and shifting geographies of global urbanization. In particular, there has been an effort to rethink the Euro–American legacy of urban studies and consider the relational multiplicities, diverse histories and dynamic ...
Global Urbanization, Essay Example | Essays.io
In conclusion, although developed countries have larger urban populations than others, urbanization is indisputably a global trend. In 1900 the global urban population was 13%; in 2005 it was nearly 50%. No doubt this trend will continue in the future with the last remaining rural nations becoming urbanized as they develop.
Theorising from where? Reflections on de-centring global ...
do not regard South Korea as part of the global South, such policy transfer gets lost in the usual categori-sation of global North and South, but it may present an interesting moment of disruption to the conven-tional study of global urbanism and expose the increasingly limited utility of the North-South divide. Page of 2 11